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Layer2的概念被人们熟知是因为以太坊生态，但是，Layer2的概念
5 P: N9 Z3 }0 H0 q$ b, E* t; L2 {$ \! K+ s* ^6 a; q s: s
却不是以太坊生态原创，而是来源于比特币。# d- B/ E% M' h0 P2 R5 p- e b
( G0 H& |- o! a1 O( T比特币0.1版本的代码里保留了一份原始版本的代码，是中本聪留下的。5 u' I1 q4 u% T7 V; s2 `6 E6 Z
, J) N4 J0 z4 {' Y2 N
这段代码支持用户在交易被矿工打包确认之前更新交易。如果一个用户& j& \+ i* {6 m9 E" O4 c
" h: L6 `. z/ ^4 j# M; B的余额增加，另一个用户的余额就会相应减少，一旦用户完成了交易，
9 _- o/ o4 w2 C q- Q1 P" n
z8 T/ Z9 O# M8 s: a; |! D他们就可以只向主链网络传输一个交易结果然后关闭他们的支付通道。2 L8 ^) J2 E; z
3 ?$ k% r/ M' T" {+ t# h基于“支付通道“后来诞生了闪电网络，闪电网络是比特币最早的Layer2，: p1 z5 P) {7 W5 _2 X6 K
7 B2 w4 L1 v2 A也是加密世界里最早且可行的Layer2。" [' x+ ` j- y1 r6 G$ f) N4 V7 p# Q. r
$ i/ ?% h4 U3 x1 t$ `" _$ z因此，在我们谈什么是Layer2时，不能仅以 以太坊Layer2马首是瞻，也- e0 r) u: t, @2 I( L5 W
1 a8 e2 z, [! I O; p5 D& t' X. s
不能以以太坊Layer2为唯一衡量标准（毕竟以太坊Layer2是经过这两年
* I+ _. `) ]+ |. k% Z/ K0 w- l' O* |- O7 }8 s, e9 D4 Y1 H& r
的发展才基本确定了roullp这个设计方向的可行性），而是应该透过现象
" [$ I3 T+ `9 _8 K8 t! ?) j$ Z. k# T4 M- [) I7 o2 s
看到本质，需要了解Layer2的本质是什么？这样才能设计出切实可行的
' D0 ]- _4 [7 V* _1 {5 p
' c& u; @* W# XLayer2。4 ?, M% x1 y' ~2 @ H8 S4 ^
% U9 Y5 b) z" n" z% }
& t/ [. Q$ C, l无论是比特币Layer2还是以太坊Layer2，其诞生的背景都是当Layer1主网+ T$ K! C7 h: |# H6 S
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无法实现更复杂更高性能的应用场景时，需要把Layer1资产跳脱到Layer27 t) K; L6 g( d8 {( V
x" A$ m4 u n+ R/ \7 E) F6 S: ^去实现。以太坊需要Layer2去拓展其性能，比特币则更需要Layer2。比如，
2 x( w2 n3 Y( i6 x: y% B8 @5 I I1 @$ B/ r
BTC可以在闪电网络里实现快速高效的支付场景；ETH则可以跨到Arbitrum
/ H" ?: _ u$ N! a
2 `+ E, G% O; j& @去速度更快、Gas更低且更复杂的智能合约场景。
/ G! z' H Q: W! r- d$ j$ p# V2 t6 X4 H4 W" p
因此，无论是比特币Layer2还是以太坊Layer2，其本质都是一样的，都是4 z( z9 W$ ~+ @5 V! p' V9 M
- {1 o: w+ `' `: G$ x. n让Layer1的主网资产跨到Layer2实现更复杂更高性能的应用场景。因此，9 J. W* D, s0 C3 l; `) |( r
' B0 `- m f! ?! z
Layer2的本质是一个去中心化的跨链方案+一个高性能且无需信任的二层
, x; g% `# d* G# v
" S8 s7 p1 a% i$ t网络。
- I9 d+ }9 k- t$ B! R: v8 |
- n/ G8 ^. p- n) q那么，无论是比特币Layer2还是以太坊Layer2，在设计时都得遵循一些最9 E6 X" u5 ` x4 r) u/ x
4 |$ g. ~1 M. y1 w基本的原则：
9 o+ a% C; X" z4 c
' o4 A7 q1 j8 [/ L: _1、必须实现Layer1资产无需信任地跨到Layer2，这是最重要的第一步。
3 }1 t1 E) b! L+ ^# ]) O
1 J! w% J: N6 A9 l9 B2、Layer2网络的账本一定是安全且无需信任的。+ ?# L$ B4 U; Q! M
$ q' j# z% f" F m6 j9 z7 x/ y
只有同时满足以上两个条件，才是一个切实可用且完全去中心化的Layer2。" c$ H. R; P6 L8 K" k
5 E. a7 L# g r' B
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1 N5 f; W3 \! E8 u( B1 G0 Y. S1 j( p7 m8 P% F* B9 N
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