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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 l/ @( t! E( j
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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 / u v8 `7 N9 k/ ^
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
! B8 F' V6 i2 A+ p+ \《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 # M4 m% \1 n1 V, ?" Y* D3 G) u
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+ {& G$ f7 X5 i→春秋战国- r/ R2 m" h$ E8 |: W
4 C) e/ R+ M) F5 K, h! u& ^- W《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
+ A0 ]# P2 h6 @6 w& @, Q《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
% B7 ?& x4 Z7 E% Q+ E) p《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 7 a$ A$ C; @7 n7 Y0 I( t( v
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。: T; s: r& T9 Y( D# H5 j% }0 h
# N5 F3 b5 i/ B6 B7 j5 m《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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- ?2 D7 g! b" F' n! n% R→汉朝" U3 F G* q. o
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1 f2 G, g( [3 O* F汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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1 u3 \9 B' w, ]# @8 W晋朝+ l3 a' E: B% v3 P- J# Y
% b- l3 z2 y; K" ?东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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M5 n1 `. R. A. N唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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. S- G% }3 G) ?+ O. Y3 B& B宋朝- o9 W& s. X/ {& ] s( L- {) W
- j6 Q G1 U4 w; M" P8 o% o北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 5 t9 e! y/ w7 M9 p' j
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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* O9 S' U2 \) D# g& T《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”& r& ?; n; H3 x- O; \0 P: c3 Y& i
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辽、金+ c8 \% I |+ i" z
2 u& d/ @$ u" P" ?辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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( c. E% V7 l7 l" m明朝
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, |/ L9 a. l! D e- e明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。: }; t5 d |/ b5 {; L
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 6 w; f: ]2 t; K, u' ]
% l8 a4 s4 l# P康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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- ?+ g, [1 g2 z) c1 v# d+ v雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。( U& T3 L- m, d% L6 A1 @
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 0 M" `6 `+ ]+ H# M
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。4 O2 g) s' |" _1 w+ k8 E
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 + V8 w% R( _/ `" Z
; ]0 q: T) E4 K m: u ~汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 + G. y, A" A& M1 ]
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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5 {- z& D1 o/ T蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。+ G: E, J# @1 I p/ g! M- ], z7 d
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
_4 P$ J: t: S6 b- p吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”) j6 l' D3 N, P$ u1 n
4 p2 {( x2 c, T, d% z# i光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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9 A( }2 [) Q* N鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
0 U) h" J8 [: i5 M7 u2 C, Z6 ]! C1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” " ^, |: l' c4 |7 @% @% X
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