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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 $ e% K% u/ v. l# }7 @5 c! {
- f `0 L% `6 t8 P3 s Z' a天朝博弈史7 {! J9 X' B5 y o7 V& o
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
4 T7 h3 V, S3 D: {1 f许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
1 b1 v6 b7 a& t# h @! f# V《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国8 G( p2 J- B) {, o; Z1 v
& b! I1 H4 Z3 A/ A! F- u《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 " I5 Z: Z5 h. h O/ |$ ?
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
0 `# U+ E: G) C$ A/ K+ d. y《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
) H" Z$ W6 g, R" e% h《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。+ n" c' F& Y/ }2 |
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 : h) v/ V0 Z. n
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→汉朝# H9 @! {* H) e. \) H6 u
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: ?5 }, o% ]3 q7 W汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛" W, y3 N) r' M0 e$ B
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& T0 {1 G0 P' Q- ^晋朝2 D, }" e8 p" x
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝3 [/ w4 N6 C. h/ |, {1 T( B
; d) J. x% r% w7 \. b+ s5 q$ {唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →! J: ~0 m+ s9 X; a. t
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宋朝! `" h6 _" R0 ^7 {; `
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 / U" e7 [3 H! x4 M- ?- V/ H
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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2 t% L6 j2 ?3 P! j6 m《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”9 e! e2 W" L, D# \) ]
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1 p1 V7 J) q: s) {% ?% R3 V* H辽、金. B# ^! e0 R+ p1 D5 O( h
/ b2 g' O7 T+ F# p0 g- G, f辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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% Z. r/ u, g$ U) w4 U清朝
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) c2 V$ p9 L& K- X- M! _, r《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
9 \3 V1 a' p: Y, n. x4 i7 g4 K* o8 h# M$ U; Z0 u" W# t, \1 i
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
2 q% [0 c5 U0 w+ X" H/ E4 U& K6 F( }* B) Z9 H
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。) c d( A2 C2 w, y8 |, s/ E
5 w6 F, f: e. F: \% \ @
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” % k8 ]% a; E8 J% k& z. K% b0 n& L
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。( O8 k+ F+ B2 P
4 c* s. l) S( A3 P% u7 d2 u洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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! P# Q4 s( p3 w8 p1 R4 d汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 . M# x4 p: m& C9 m
, }3 d% e0 Q% u( p同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 * V% U& P7 C/ w. J& q
7 K' n) Z" w ]/ D: s, Z
蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。6 ^( C' @9 k1 f
& j; q a) [8 ^( \' h8 q B4 b _! e9 l张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
$ V# h h d; u" T吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”6 a' m" M- E8 P) N# y; \
) K2 W+ b- i4 v$ k7 m8 \; }光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” $ J# A4 x; J; C F; S& L7 j+ N4 ^; d. G
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/ c/ d6 X4 z- v% Z鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 4 q2 z, M+ G z4 y4 ^3 a$ u
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 1 ]' P* f9 k4 W* A! R
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