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天朝博弈史
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0 }9 k4 _# u# ^; D+ I/ b博弈即Dubo,是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物,有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅,还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类,如:六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
2 A7 g. {0 t$ S& o% s3 x3 z( m许慎《说文》载:“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时,即发展出六博的游戏,《说文》称:“(六博)局戏也,六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
3 y z1 h' E0 d* U% ?0 R" n《史记·殷本纪》上说,武帝乙“为偶人,谓之天神,与之博”。 # q0 W5 {: O1 l
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9 h8 }+ O7 o1 q3 Z% u8 o8 q→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载,大梁虞姓富户好博戏,每日开设博局招赌,四方赌徒闻风而来。
9 C- K! t$ J7 c9 X《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
" [+ U4 a2 ~8 K6 _# H, r《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴,与井公博,三日而决” * |" ^2 S6 ?. R# i) @8 w
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏,双方发生冲突,渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏,南宫万大怒,用六博盘砸死渭公。$ u2 f/ h" f" z! b' N" E5 N
9 j0 A) J" N3 G
《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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& c" D) Z( R8 ]! I+ g" T→汉朝
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9 j: E; k0 B4 Y$ o: F* j" U1 s8 p汉武帝时,翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵,赌风稍有收敛2 j. C1 C) ^! j# i; K( a
) N0 K3 _1 \ ?, b4 x! x1 c→
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: U4 e8 y& ]3 d& g+ q3 e/ Q/ I% |8 l晋朝
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/ R- U2 Z9 _& F# p* f东晋谢安在淝水之战时,“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集,方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄,是日玄惧,便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云:‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉,至夜乃还。”
7 e+ k3 M. t' F! L4 B2 w) U$ C→- s- C! C5 d; [ q
|0 ?) |) u5 k* K唐朝
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1 t. i$ G+ s3 l9 x% Y& E7 s唐朝流行叶子戏,是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来, 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”,最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝7 {1 J% P2 M. ], o! @; C
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北宋初年禁赌甚严,在京城Dubo者一律处斩,《宋史·太宗纪》载:太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑,诏京城蒲博者,开封府捕之,犯者斩”。 7 \; G* A3 F. x9 O
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出:京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”,以“赌赛输赢”。
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8 v7 d; q( N1 O7 g2 ]# j《宋史·贾似道传》:“似道,少落魄,为游博,不事操行。 ”元兵南下,宋宋岌岌可危,“时襄阳围已急,似道日坐葛岭,起楼阁亭榭,取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾,日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ S7 M; G* p5 K8 U- J/ S1 W
: E# y3 [: D3 R5 R→2 l& \: H+ e0 B: h; \" L
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& `9 D2 s7 M4 t t, M: ~# L- D2 }辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤,用人不能自择,令各掷骰子,以彩胜者官之。”8 E( n. F/ ]8 s5 Y/ W; f# O+ `
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→
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, [' k+ u7 I9 I! K) ~8 B9 |明朝# }1 J' S! ~: |6 ^$ `) X" c+ \9 J
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明朝盛行马吊,王崇简《冬夜笺记》说:“士大夫好之(马吊),穷日累夜,若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道,冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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Y4 l. ]; L- e1 R1 t' A. u→ g4 h; R* }* R- g5 q# Y) s9 T3 q
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2 |( R5 C$ d1 L% v; C$ W K清朝
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《大清律例》中规定:“反Dubo,不分兵民,俱枷号两月”:凡民人“开场诱引Dubo,经旬累月,聚集无赖放头、抽头者,初犯杖一百,徒三年:再犯杖一百,流三千里”。
9 H9 O' w$ X+ ?! a1 M: x1 A7 ~) r Z1 P {1 k3 A. Q7 {
康熙“莅位之初,即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民,屏息而不敢出,内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀,外则商旅恬安,宵行夜宿,少遭劫盗,田畴益治,并里宴眠”。
6 M& t' a; M3 X: l! u
* S2 z) ]3 _# o5 y" k雍正时对Dubo一再严禁,“日夜严缉”,史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁,Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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! P7 m4 P5 M( q/ l, O清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗:“相唤相互日征逐,野狐迷人无此酷,一场纵赌几家贫,后车推鉴前车覆。” $ U' _% U! w3 J5 d- B% b& V; t9 {
咸丰时,孝钦皇后嗜赌,经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风,遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”,“一日不博,若荷重负”,赌技颇佳,“常胜不负,人至莫敢与角”[4]。2 y! y2 Q. T: h5 |5 f2 E
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洪秀全定都天京,颁布《太平刑律》,规定Dubo者处以极刑,当街绞死。
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. T; k h ~5 v汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风:“赌馆林立,皆层楼崇敞,光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间,京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博,尤喜摇摊,“每战辄北,不三五次,资复全没”[5]。
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" G1 Z% m' ~ ? c7 s, Q- ]蒲松龄曾说:“天下之倾家者,莫速于赌;天下之败德者,亦莫甚于博”。
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& @/ H9 \. E/ g0 _+ r( z8 U5 ]张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新,将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被,马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯,被马用铡刀砍死。 H9 h) w: q _! Y& {
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说:“禽之善斗者,有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡,古法也,而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉,北人好斗鹌鹑,惟山右为甚。富室贵胄,遇有俊物,不惜重价购之。……示日开圈,鹑客麇集,挟资千万。”
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1 O8 N% C5 {. ^' u9 r1 V" r光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道:“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽,见几个为Dubo灭了人伦,见几个为Dubo与人拼命,见几个为Dubo昧了良心,见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍,见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒,自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” ) r3 o0 L# s5 K! ]
→
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说:“最普通的是斗鸡,斗蟋蟀,南方有斗黄头鸟,斗画眉鸟,北方有斗鹌鹑,一群闲人们围着呆看,还因此赌输赢。” 0 F4 k( }$ x, ^( g$ N3 E
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道:“男人以打麻将为消闲,女人以打麻将为家常,老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界,可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的!” Q5 k$ ]% w; j
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