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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 1 W# B* E" _1 g! v, v( I! Z! B
" G* g% b, H" b7 }( Q$ F, f/ u) y天朝博弈史
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4 Z o: k- J& k博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ' P6 ?0 C4 l; T. I
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
+ w7 Z; G* F$ H/ w4 g/ _( e0 l《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 % \5 N5 F: ]2 y
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* t+ q* Z% e9 m3 S/ M' |→春秋战国( M2 ~) s4 j1 Q6 U
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
" T3 g+ x7 U' ?. E) E! u( \$ x《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
v9 E+ h- e1 {3 Z1 k/ D《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
, t' l; ?% X* H, |* C& O) ^《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。! A# r; G) s* i+ _
9 [9 E b0 n1 \! V/ ~2 }《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 4 X4 |6 {8 S+ |4 z A+ a
8 Q: @" j8 ?' D9 \* t4 D; B→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝: ^) @* ]* q8 U( M3 D6 a1 W
# b; [$ H9 C# o8 g东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
; y% T* J/ y y# L→1 @. Q6 y$ }9 a6 c" @
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唐朝
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' q+ k. q" H9 D. n唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
0 S+ ?$ B7 A0 b# S! {% c( M' A! {$ l, d* `4 t1 p& G/ X P) t
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
1 [2 t" t% P' {2 R' x# b苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。/ V; n2 m+ f. Z1 w" E k/ d
+ M G# D4 o8 v) L- x! e" ?《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”# Q: H) H9 _) i' B% ^
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; i2 ^( J1 h9 O K: H& E, u辽、金- j) _+ T: M0 J; |$ J9 R
; ^+ N* y" d/ W( K辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”; k @+ E$ P7 b* a$ D
8 Z& Z8 {3 J7 d; Q→
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$ c+ l# ?2 d* _0 ` Y7 j
; { q$ ~" c u, S明朝8 }: b) F2 ^* O9 k* C
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。* b) N( E* U0 u6 I0 M
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 7 q/ W2 ~! r' R+ X0 j( c: L
, G8 F7 c0 S6 x- Y. N/ E O1 D康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 9 N8 n: B& |& T
3 p# a- s8 T1 _8 T6 j# J* L雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。& F j9 |7 H, q& O. O! p
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 4 E! c+ u1 H' D, G: @
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 . v5 Y9 [' |5 W8 n- E$ C. \5 p
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 6 u- `3 }& ]3 }
( M% x8 ?! U9 P2 i2 _蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。& Z6 y! \% N$ w! B1 n
* }0 F7 U& Z0 Y8 \! X$ U4 {( ]& }张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
8 h- e0 n! U: I" o! ~; s4 K吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” $ q4 M4 {/ F. R, G
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 0 U; R" X; l: k# v+ H9 ]
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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