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天朝博弈史
9 k2 U( B$ m1 ^" K7 w1 V( L& ~
2 \( S4 E! f& D) t5 N$ D博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
2 u& W' F9 P/ v+ j# ~# f' \$ I0 M, k* F许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” / ^2 p4 Z) t, `6 Q
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 1 O0 p/ P/ I5 \# N
7 \/ ?5 i- D6 }$ \% a
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→春秋战国1 }0 Q9 `# X0 F
0 Q8 M: s* D2 m( D' }《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
) C; [" u. B4 D. D/ E( U7 N$ }4 p7 R) @《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
9 `4 O! s& q( G6 Z c# a2 f- H* a《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ( A! W5 h3 R( r% `3 g( T
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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6 h$ Q+ G* ?0 m ?《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛6 M1 ~& b( [3 W, a
4 {5 f x+ r- o+ u+ ~% Y; `
→* R' }0 ^+ S) _# O$ {
& Z* v& j% l9 e) o晋朝
0 Q" k8 R# }! F7 K/ c: ]" e: }( W$ S0 e) i/ A4 |2 C" J
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
( y3 Z- @5 h y8 R4 U0 ]→
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唐朝" D7 t( o9 \" N% s* i
3 o' ]4 ^4 {" E. r. l$ G: m! Q" T9 g# m2 p唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
: k2 A2 F- x9 M0 N) e! c3 W- Q0 l( F' R4 \+ _
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
% h7 ?/ u, _, B苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。, ^9 |7 j; z1 R/ G/ [' z5 i( Q
; [" }" p4 D+ H1 V《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
/ E$ S8 P v2 [7 }6 O
4 Q9 e' a' R" C2 N+ P/ x c) N3 S6 H3 H→& E2 Y6 p+ {& e8 L( c6 d w8 j
' i" }" H) [" H8 c, d! M" N
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辽、金 e: S2 n5 U$ f( D* T' D9 N
+ h% p8 U" f5 U
辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→- }7 S* O( A$ d6 v
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明朝8 |; S5 c/ b# t2 x
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。7 a4 C2 I) V6 f+ T; y/ B
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→ }7 c8 Y$ r& h p: K7 K
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0 C+ ^2 g! b; p5 {) R8 U9 I% s清朝% y* t7 g( f; ?6 P `3 K
4 L/ q2 [* ` `, I$ ]2 G# u; q《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
4 E8 G* y8 X, ? G# e6 H) n0 w) \; b9 D" R' F) _' n0 \
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 9 W$ q- ~# @; Q* R$ h# G) g
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
7 s* Z' I6 ~5 P- A$ f/ |
2 F; }' K# w; D: k/ I* z/ G清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 9 V [' y7 \8 d# g* h, v5 J+ e5 P
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。- o3 X7 c' ?$ q) ]! q
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 : K7 ]% J0 c5 Z; t
$ i( y. J3 x( f: Z& q; _
汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 ' A. R k# }9 m* j9 P
7 D" q- U5 K. ^, o; [* @- h1 [
同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。! `6 S1 I" N2 Q9 ^6 l1 ]1 m
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
# u# o4 l% Z& H' N7 q8 v3 E吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
! v4 D7 k- F( a→, W) y/ R6 i/ {- u/ _. m
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8 ~6 n+ F' n0 {; L7 [' a& u( i. b鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 0 d" v6 H, H" M+ R- T+ h
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ) y ?( X4 w9 Y! a4 u) s
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