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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 + a$ a2 g, ]6 W% p! l; d, |
$ A8 ]! G+ q8 ?/ F$ X" R天朝博弈史/ I6 H. V, F" x7 ]; z
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
; Q0 R4 M1 k! g, s$ N许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” - I9 B6 n9 Q7 V% a) Z6 E
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ! n+ n; [8 D ~( d* q, q
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- }& @! s0 Y6 K; W→春秋战国: i$ O8 [ E& i5 @
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ' V+ x8 X4 O1 d! ^3 g5 p
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 8 Z! ?7 A' t! D) K& P
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” " ?6 E D- V' m6 S
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
* B, j/ H! ~" t: l" B1 j+ m - V! x) U$ ~& y. T- C- M3 f V/ j
《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 & @" |7 q/ h) i8 c; h
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→汉朝7 K5 `- K/ _( M1 w+ }
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( h# w, z1 k. O# b$ o; {7 w, f v8 P汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝
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# U2 R* X; d8 T# z& W3 s8 V东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ; F: ]/ k5 \' v' ^. d
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; ^, C/ O( |8 T4 V唐朝0 J `* p0 G+ ~; d- c; _* F$ q
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →4 k( M/ l" H6 T R# O" g
. ~6 T$ \% N% B, _, j6 W: Z4 i宋朝
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3 d; |3 n; d- r" I6 N* ^北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 ; c" ^* C3 V+ r& f- l
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。9 F! l) n2 X) w! U1 j# U
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”5 f8 s! I; j2 A
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辽、金) y, |5 N/ W4 T6 m' e
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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6 n) N7 g; R. [1 |明朝
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) ^1 H/ x/ r& N; F明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。0 s+ {' E) p) V5 ^$ i7 u% ^! F
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清朝$ `7 `+ B" V8 _8 [4 o1 F; q& y
+ L7 M5 e u; h: p( C《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 9 I, R$ e4 Y' _- \% z
3 t! }2 G, y. D康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ! }) p/ @% b- K, f: Z1 x2 c
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。3 Q. Y$ ~+ m# F- J9 y
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 3 p9 I$ y$ s8 ~( P# ?% H6 O
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 * j1 O. }1 G- _4 F# P' }! ]
9 X8 B3 A5 J% o' X( r& N8 N3 V同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 - s6 c& H2 i9 \0 P& `9 ~) E! P' L
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。 \- \1 i w& r9 u7 A& s
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ' s( X" n2 X% a- d; O4 h3 i$ u
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”4 @$ b& A+ L- r. m; |2 J# ~1 T
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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: ?7 `8 l h: J! C中华民国2 L% m' c7 D) ^* _$ I R' y7 z
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” " I. M' C8 L2 r
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” U7 C0 O/ @. _" E
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