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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史( L- L `5 W: X0 u. ?# s
8 J5 w3 b% N, P) @: D7 J博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
) [2 O" a- q* f" o# I8 e7 U1 G. I许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
; |- J g% G& Q《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 C9 h4 d6 I) w2 o
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→春秋战国4 y) a( _1 [, c6 S
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
! @1 X$ j2 r4 a8 n- E9 s& \《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 + H" i' ]$ P0 a& N# O. k" T
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
! l1 E2 M8 N7 \0 m, I, [/ c《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。5 [& K* v- \, q
, c5 z2 w0 I' X1 s& C& g: _$ C《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝; B: }3 U* r! w. |+ O! ]: Y8 A; b0 w; q
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0 C [. x H% H% h; ^& R! @0 p汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→" \' a3 j3 e3 R, `. W. v; C3 \
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝& i1 w9 g- ^5 d: T
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝5 q& \" B: \' R0 K8 i
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
. X* [ ^, i7 r) V* X0 @+ X苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。/ p; o2 ]' T7 m! o" p6 ?
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→4 |2 J6 R2 j$ `# w5 b) _* H; I; u
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辽、金5 k9 N9 H7 Q5 L" F* ?$ H1 M" b' J
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。” _4 v" S- G4 d
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明朝" ?7 s3 N: q& O' L% U
& ?7 A- W2 M# \明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。9 }; c2 U1 r& B; x( K5 Y: b: F3 \9 W
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! T$ {$ b: V- f7 ?+ w清朝5 N2 \& n$ m$ s% l. O
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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3 n: k6 l. D( c康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” " B# q- l$ N9 T8 I C( R
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。 @8 @+ x9 e% Q) Z. k! K3 ^" c
/ X6 O' Z- P, h洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 % |! {3 W. S/ i% c$ o
6 D( R3 Q3 K- a* e! W( _( `4 J: A汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 ; r) L6 w, g8 e7 P
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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+ b3 A; j7 \2 t张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 . e8 W+ P; n. j5 q0 Z7 V
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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; }. C! v: F8 e0 r光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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# Z! a. W* O; A& M鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
5 y' B$ ~/ x2 ^" B( L( t1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 1 E' R' ~. z B- C# m7 s
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