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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 % p: \$ q% b9 k% V
. I2 D- U( y1 S9 Q2 Q N$ d天朝博弈史3 p$ Z- @: l6 A- `" j5 O1 S
; y- C N/ V$ _% D% v, o博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
; x" w5 U) u9 X4 c( N许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
5 i0 u' v+ Y3 m. m. U0 j# @《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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1 {7 b2 j! e* S8 P" l: Y! E! w% f$ U; ^, E8 {2 ?9 Q( H
→春秋战国. e, l! v; Y/ } h1 A. M. I) N) \- u
+ t, {8 s3 T) [2 N! L4 O+ u《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
0 `( B( h7 I7 n% x2 s# U- k$ t《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
: G, H7 a) w5 ?- @+ I《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
) ]8 @. P1 ~2 t, B/ J+ _6 v《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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/ P: D- R, D. x6 |《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
8 a5 Y8 L* ]7 F7 [8 i( L$ j) a" d7 s, }1 q. |3 c: t
→汉朝9 o F6 o6 a! J" O' B
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& }4 y3 b& l8 n. [/ k$ q- G0 t: E汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛, o7 d* f; c! X6 J9 G- p
/ M2 O2 H& _( x6 w6 T→" N0 g" e/ W5 n7 m
7 C5 e$ H2 D- b) a. W# @, a' T晋朝
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* b8 t+ s9 z" O4 T o/ H9 j) a H东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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: D, d# @( d+ t* Q8 F3 u唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝; n( G) f i+ p) q/ e& Y5 C
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
}4 Q: Q4 G5 k苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
: M3 w3 w+ `" e1 ^% v
7 A; x9 Y# Y6 N b, z( | J《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”; X. D. Z& d* X; s/ g) b! }
; L' a+ ^1 h8 K4 U: T→# e2 b! A6 o- |$ B
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, u- }2 V, h- X2 l辽、金2 b0 K- ]7 p! B4 O j9 G
/ |& g) g) b7 G& P& d1 R4 F7 P辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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8 r$ j. a8 i& N, y7 y& I" ^→
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( E Q$ T2 V7 O! x明朝% a; v% ]% B% ~: ^
9 O+ p) \) P& b) @6 \明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→
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清朝; b* k: x0 n& s, n
/ n5 Y) L& W1 m4 g0 \7 y《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 8 `& H/ o: h" x* A7 g! k1 m
! k; y( n5 \* G/ y1 I5 {康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 ' Z. r7 Q; G( {% [9 J" h
/ h+ @' R" V. ? m雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。; t. g C& z" M, i" ^8 N6 x
7 y1 w' k( E& v$ y# [+ ~) S, q清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
% E' S0 {7 b7 J1 J3 i; I+ _1 J) f咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。6 p0 _. d) A1 F+ z2 o+ Q7 m% ^
$ t' l6 E7 \3 S9 X5 T2 Z
洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 5 p4 M. [# X; p9 w; m
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 2 d% [: k# y% X) P" \- F& `
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ! J+ Y; S$ `& Q0 F
& d' \' Q: Z" @, c- O- _% ]; {蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。7 W2 o" W. f0 A* ?4 M
7 I5 l' B- g. D张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
- Q' }( `# E, j& Q& l/ v吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”" O( Q( {7 d. ^% A& a; U$ j# | x) C% ^
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
: i2 E. W& B: t3 R1 M→0 C7 S) H7 J' X& ?$ {
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X# d( m+ ?: k o8 J, x2 \" e中华民国
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$ D9 j$ w+ U$ |& J鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
X* M: \% h; l8 j1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” + @- m& b& y( N9 \ A. L
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