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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 ! ^/ Z) L9 w8 H; o4 u- @
% r" I; Z- Y7 q, M& b# @; Z天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
7 i, }8 H( W( ^1 y许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ( |) _- Z; G9 h4 x9 B
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国" \7 s8 n3 ~" D! J
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
4 N: ^7 O( Y& {3 T/ g, Z, L0 B5 l《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
; F; Y7 r ^9 D" K" G《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
$ R0 s) a$ J+ B, ] ~《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。) U3 F! J" X i1 ?; x
5 P/ z0 x2 b* _( b$ [《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝4 Z! Y6 T& \* D# p2 _$ G
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5 V6 P" _% `$ u* r汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛( D d7 W+ |3 D8 o" ~0 ~
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b. c6 H- c ]: P$ `( ~% f晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 3 Z6 [8 C. H1 q8 t- Y. ^
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+ r- e8 }' C C' I& `唐朝
2 ?: }# M+ E- O* \7 R/ [3 ~4 H" [8 n8 U0 l' x' K/ Z% D2 r
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →( [0 h w! |; M$ a' E2 M) M* k
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宋朝3 S4 R- o* { d7 P0 d
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
$ W& f7 L3 V0 o* A苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。. }. p6 y; B+ R/ a X
9 r, F: |& S' E《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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8 K5 ?/ F1 r. [: B; c# n# T辽、金
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- h+ ?' j# a' X/ n- I6 T辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”( ?) z9 z0 ?1 `) `
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明朝' a" t; t8 H+ z" r# N- m
9 Z7 {* I& O1 A/ U明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。" E/ k. }% d& w* `
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! u3 H( u1 W; F& I8 e! Y. e* S清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 9 L( g" _" X4 y3 ~7 E$ z
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。* H/ Q" `" ?2 [/ \* y
' D. g8 B& g! R$ b清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
8 Q1 l( K& J+ \% P' M- \# b C咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。" } [2 O4 J" C+ F, U: ?6 {
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 - Q1 U$ a2 m0 T# ]7 k$ Y7 y
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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3 L9 Z9 V) T J& A& `7 S蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。- G6 O. B N: a( N: x2 y# d
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 8 Z2 q: G0 b$ x0 B1 [/ I
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”+ i8 z. ?. s8 b; j$ f& y. _
) m+ x+ i% D8 w# O9 d) q! @光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” : v& @" r# K8 U2 E7 N3 W6 f) Z
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
5 C8 L, X# E2 c' s5 G1 Q1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ! m( @' q8 ]7 v- |( `
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