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天朝博弈史/ o. _6 w1 Y0 H) r# w7 Z2 G c3 t4 u
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 2 d, V; G5 n; X- W0 c; s! q& _
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 5 z' _ W+ N5 i4 @' k
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国# i- {; I$ L' q3 N; z; y; _
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
" E( P/ w# c; `1 r% a% m( ^! s( _《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
- D7 F" g/ ?9 Z3 `+ E《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
! J5 ?/ W- `. M* R6 Q, o, U《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。) d" U2 z8 e6 C3 {; V) k
" ]8 ?( S: |+ L6 _1 B《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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9 e# |6 f8 P- q% \, }→汉朝+ T7 a7 f1 N2 q+ i5 `; ]8 Q5 a6 _
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* g% w2 c3 r) O L" Q5 s* }1 o' K汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛7 n/ |1 v; r" W+ W" e; B* i
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晋朝
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. L# A6 G' _0 B7 i东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝$ s8 L3 L1 |' O6 K6 a
! s& q! S7 u1 j; z( |- p( G唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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4 d) [: `) }# k宋朝
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8 {5 `! y6 C; D2 J5 @6 f北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
5 A! J. ?7 {6 b/ w. d( s' X8 p苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。6 A* {' B- y$ Y/ E' t& Q N
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”% f" u8 d( ?2 m$ n$ @$ J3 j; C
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明朝/ ^ ^5 i8 T" ~' T, l4 X
' U1 q3 a- C; B" p; ^' _明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝
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p$ l' {6 D2 d4 _" c8 E《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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- l. w7 M. e/ g8 G+ z康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 $ V$ X, R1 {' X+ X: Y- r* g
! C2 ~ I, x& Z: L# z3 `雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。 ~$ i- a. D$ D5 b( C7 R
3 j1 A* O! R5 K& t3 y* k( s" I- Y. v清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
$ {" Y! x! n. S; e咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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( |5 \7 [+ C0 z0 h洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 0 f+ N& O- s3 V6 ^7 R( z- A
2 n* F% S7 P* l# {- ?同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 1 p- [1 j# f1 t7 Z6 M
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。1 D4 i3 L& |/ x& w8 K+ V
, g) f4 P/ I& _, p张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
: Y9 j, ?2 r. r2 C8 N- @吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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) q) v8 a4 O: t O* z- m鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 5 |' G1 p9 a d) b# t
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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