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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 9 F7 _! ^0 ~& G8 a/ k* ~3 \
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天朝博弈史, m) Q2 ?! [; \2 p0 {7 V- d
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ) ~* ?( h- U4 j5 b
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
6 B' I/ N. r# P C7 b4 ?4 x《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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8 t9 H0 p" F( r& k; W4 Q
→春秋战国
1 s, e; T8 E$ |
0 K. y( Q4 D2 A6 R k% N1 J《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
. M) E- W3 M- C$ O0 `+ W《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 . k7 [+ L a. C8 Z! {$ V
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
9 H: b' v3 ]. G. ?# Z《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
5 Y7 m2 p! g7 ^1 |2 T1 ^9 _% | : n( Q3 N: P) `7 b6 U( K% @
《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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/ } K! X K6 n' y [: x→汉朝
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5 {$ `( ~6 [! }; ]& I" B汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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1 m! I- m3 R, q8 A9 A# m晋朝9 X; d0 e- ^5 B, I0 G
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” $ e q u( k4 p# T
→
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( B2 l0 y: S4 c8 x* T0 M$ S唐朝
3 L( Y4 i- k. d# J: p, x$ U3 v. g- w$ \( a. H& ~
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →* ^. s( Z t1 ~& b) M% z2 O
3 k1 v! y+ K9 V. w/ Z( j宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
7 @# `* O( I+ |苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。5 C2 \. i9 W- o& j# _4 i- q
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”" {* i f- [7 F' e
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→
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1 s% A$ v* N& w J0 n! K辽、金
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9 @0 b3 [ g5 `! B$ p& ?7 ~' z8 ?- \辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”+ x8 U' Z2 z( ^; q9 X
8 o2 ?# i9 ?: R3 ]; S: Y; w1 j→5 B0 y4 F9 o( u( ~1 p
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9 z+ M& ~ L2 n- n7 C' q明朝 M1 s" q9 C) l8 y0 v' P: F! M
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。6 s; H, @# k2 A* f
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清朝. E* }% b8 W7 G! d
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 3 u( e- a9 Y* Y* l' Y) |# z! X8 G2 A- F3 ?
8 B6 h( y' e: r% R2 Z* I+ K1 T D雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
! m$ g& L- r8 Y( {* z2 n咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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* s" g3 Y" o* P5 @% g. V洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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& \8 q9 C! W! u3 i汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 3 q7 z) P' v) X$ A& L% w! N
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。- H3 x( q6 E+ T) f1 y
+ X4 w( @% P2 U- i$ p/ p4 N张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
1 T" l. G2 Q1 F3 t* \吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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+ U9 ~8 D1 X' j7 ^中华民国0 O! R3 ^5 y; r' H0 F3 J
; h1 |' k+ v6 E鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
+ U& ^3 w; U* X1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” / m. P: n7 W2 r) \. u/ I9 Q
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