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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史- H4 `2 o1 t* m E
$ B1 u) p9 j8 Y% c
博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
* \# j7 _! D! M, d4 ?' {' F) L0 b8 z许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
0 s' ^! h O9 s《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 % A- Z: U6 W% X1 N3 I
0 r K9 y" V8 J8 }. \6 a& o
; p1 R8 g8 ]: ~9 h+ z→春秋战国2 e. K) H: s( w* c* E
1 N6 m4 X1 H' Z2 M( I- k# \) C! W: ]
《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 . D$ l [. w1 {- r
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
H& G/ }4 K3 ~9 Q; R《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 4 ]! o7 `* x0 ^8 ], E" x
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ! _+ F9 H3 F+ u1 {
$ S* F- q8 s+ L/ U" a) D3 R→汉朝
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* Z5 a& A/ V- ?2 j: [* `汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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T( Q( I% M% M# v' v. q8 o' @
晋朝
+ U/ C) D! v1 n! ^, p$ j4 T! z0 L: m8 |4 R6 k8 B* \
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
6 s4 p* Z+ r/ j7 h→* ^3 y& B# N4 @- m) G, _6 j
K9 X* r: }6 C# u7 u7 x" `唐朝, T, n& X5 w. g# \" [
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →# \0 v2 r' w/ a5 P. R/ r# @9 @
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宋朝
h3 f6 X/ x; b8 E
; U; ?( h) P. V6 r4 K) p9 k" u北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
* j7 e/ c# d( V9 ]$ D; C8 v苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。3 Y4 @4 i5 _4 [' N! x8 r
; t5 i7 w) x* a《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”9 _8 H9 K* j K( C' D7 D
7 z% W5 ^& G" |9 c→& W; W* f" {" e! C; N
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辽、金
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* k/ K* G: \4 Y3 w辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”" a1 [4 R/ r7 ?. y, H5 Q
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明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。% x3 x8 `$ d, g' H
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9 L& ^2 Z$ a2 u. W% W) x; c清朝
# G! p1 R; H% U9 K, ]8 `2 c2 |2 J6 x, L* S5 W0 D
《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
% }$ Q) b1 H& `7 Z1 A$ f% C" P. p- o% Q) g0 G" [+ F
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。3 q8 W& n$ l: @' Q8 s
4 t9 N& _ H1 U6 j2 O7 {
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
4 x% {1 D% l8 h- }! K. C9 _咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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* C0 A; e+ Q9 Q4 w2 ^2 u. R洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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3 Q0 a1 X& t# K$ N F汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 0 ~7 {/ F7 [! o, D
9 x; e! f. N; e. j- P# l同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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5 h5 h# A0 w, ?/ I5 A: ]% o2 r蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。/ I& s* L6 Z( `6 q( V: N$ g
' V# [3 O. b9 G3 K4 u4 K张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
) h4 L& j1 R) Z2 q* F8 J! l- p F吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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/ J5 S N" L0 R' [$ Q( u光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” * o4 o6 n* m. A5 o
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中华民国
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9 T" Q7 v$ O6 S) `& O鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
( |# _$ j# T- c2 k/ L4 a1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 4 ~8 K1 _, Q1 T# f1 V
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