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$ X' x- P1 F5 z( X天朝博弈史
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8 S3 n# N" x/ V: S# ]博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
( `$ k& g* G( \2 f! \* |许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ! z1 M" B u" O( w3 k7 `
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 1 T5 X( Q5 f% Q, }
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! k6 R7 r' ~. o/ h7 t5 F→春秋战国( E" h) R6 n- i/ J5 C) r
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 9 X* e& r' W9 g' q' z$ a
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 . s; t4 h( m; [: B1 E. ]0 S
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
, a& Z8 S! Q3 ?《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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- O% w- m) X* z% g, w! S0 U3 [《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝6 s N6 w. z9 {' h! @' Q$ ?
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" `$ y) w; W2 g2 w汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛% @* ^: Y) p# y, T" I- I
& [& F J! u+ Z8 u6 s- l→( p, K' G0 U1 F) X
L q: f2 S! q0 b晋朝1 j% ?; p& ~7 q" d) e4 Z% p0 v
D4 Y- a+ b' T0 M6 K- _6 S
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →$ ~6 w" `) U+ [$ V
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宋朝+ P' V) o4 }1 N: Z, S: {. i3 U
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
" q- J- j7 ]6 Z x V苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。* x( m2 X t+ J; J! e. @
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”( @$ L; V" G6 X2 ~* l2 H- K
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辽、金
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9 _5 r j, p$ [( Q* V5 w辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝
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3 q8 P+ ^7 M4 q9 F6 i明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。% ]- }$ o( [& Z
4 `8 G/ w4 u' C3 i6 p→
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- T( T7 Q1 X# ?( W1 ~9 I0 ]4 A1 z清朝
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; o0 i6 m6 i" j4 \/ W《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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( U0 [; p5 S* c$ F# u; m; ?康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 $ _/ G+ V6 K3 H; d8 ^5 z4 q( ~
1 d, x1 }$ c# G2 q) k雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。: ~ N0 z1 g9 z# }# j9 ?- S6 G
! o: [4 s$ ~1 g ^: W* L清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 0 [5 f0 B- \4 J- f8 X( q
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。8 C- K, K5 U/ y9 L& W
% S7 x, `: `5 n _; _" E" g洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 8 \8 e# Y. y7 h& m9 t+ V! ~
* x+ v h, G( p# Z# v! s* u同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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4 m$ }2 w/ G0 D( f$ l9 P9 q张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
0 p" w/ _: N* {% c i: B% B吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”9 s& I, R' N# [' J* `; }
. }1 V& h8 k* i3 @# X4 N3 w光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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+ a0 b# X( x3 |5 V X中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” - i+ X' h+ \* ]9 R& x
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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