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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 * F& b, q( S" j) J6 U) s2 y Q
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天朝博弈史
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; G9 i7 i) G; W2 P3 r! p8 G博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ( a) K3 C3 }; C( _2 m. |, F
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
* @/ x, J% q- D6 @《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ' b/ l9 q. \1 v- Y/ q
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
* U6 }% w; |, O |《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” / Q9 v( C" `. B- m: s' j( ^& j
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。* m5 _9 {/ }3 C5 M0 u6 J E: X
+ q6 j: `4 ~ Y! g; N8 s+ E《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ( w% `0 f: O2 ^; W/ H3 S- R% r4 }
% b* O m3 J1 {, M" r6 Z→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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9 ~& d% U3 |3 f$ ^9 ~6 t晋朝: n% D3 O' h5 B/ q7 O! k. U
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 8 e, N; e [8 p
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唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →$ @! O/ |" Q" X. U
* l$ l6 z. H( {. l: T. t宋朝
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, e R4 M* o$ q, y北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
! j; F5 T" ~* Z; t' x1 P: l% l( p Y苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”; v1 S3 g, |( D3 m; x6 U' }6 A
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辽、金) R& A2 K8 Y: J @3 c
% K& K% @" D$ A4 Y& z辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”& K7 t+ ]7 `% f9 E+ @/ `" e. I1 Y
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, r s- i0 U3 N; t2 x明朝9 @' n1 T3 g' V" q6 h1 Q
8 K& u) ]3 H9 u4 _2 F" b# E! |明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝9 S& M0 ]/ w" k! p) C
. W9 S% `! H) O% C; H, P《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 4 s9 `1 Y2 B3 v7 {7 A+ F3 ^2 c
z: \8 i! H) D# [: _- i% o7 k康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 : v; A4 Z) ?0 G+ E
$ F. p3 @) C- N! Y+ a1 D雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。2 q! M' U% ~$ i0 L- ~, V+ H/ ?( v
/ E5 a+ d( y& r5 A) y# J清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
) U1 M. B- S3 U: W, X6 W咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。4 z E! i5 D' \
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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. h: W9 E7 i/ ~# V+ k6 c同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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& I, q$ [! d3 ~* Y& Y; s; K0 y蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。7 l m; m) {# K6 c) E
7 @0 K/ H# f8 _% w Z$ r, S张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
: ?+ A9 M' u3 v/ Y) d+ e吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”7 }9 H+ Z2 c: U' F8 s6 }, f
7 _1 t {) w8 h4 l! P9 l2 _光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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) W( e3 K7 K8 }! V鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 1 x8 I, b- S0 z* \
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” % N. `4 U9 G5 q
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