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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 , d% T9 N/ {; J) |& r
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
( N! G- V. ^9 R' P《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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2 A' u3 j4 {' k3 a) p+ b L2 v1 m$ u3 {9 e
→春秋战国: W; c/ y0 L7 x. Y) q; u
6 t* D9 F$ f |+ K6 L' B《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
4 ^7 A' X7 y w! }3 A: C9 a《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
5 }4 K( h8 p& I2 U+ N《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ! ~3 ^* D6 u' m7 C& Y6 @ P5 n0 J
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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3 j& ^' @ E- r4 ]8 _: U《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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( l3 v3 g7 b' I3 d. U→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→
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$ u% ~7 q) N, a; J3 u8 Y7 w晋朝7 s5 V/ [& K5 E2 {, J6 C' w& E3 V
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 8 X( z( q* O$ I O
→
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+ N) L+ @" {/ }# J0 ^ Q1 B7 C( H唐朝* J3 y% R( I* c5 v& P
) m9 A$ L3 `* w5 C, g) V唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝; |; X7 Q5 H# C
( C, d" \) w1 ?" k5 h+ ^$ f北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
8 ^8 \- r+ f6 l E! q苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。' j. z2 U6 f( y5 R3 I% I. |! Q
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”" B$ }& K# i7 S* g
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辽、金 \ s( I9 Z( t1 `/ t- V& p z% `
9 `- k, z: k7 z! K2 a. _" N+ x6 I辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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% T4 A( X+ ~, p+ o0 L: `! j: f明朝/ b$ t$ R4 R( i" ?/ R& x
: k( X3 _* c; [4 E4 d0 a; }
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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% ]( `' x' |6 m |/ q) ^→: [5 t6 U6 e: O- |
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9 Z9 R4 Z( W' D: w清朝
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N: B. G* c* g, R; b( n& r《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 @3 T9 }2 {/ F6 q
7 o. u6 `2 D4 e, j+ t! N4 q康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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8 j& a l' T6 Z& N雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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9 }0 z# Y9 \6 h; r% n& C- c7 N清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 4 H, A) G3 N4 \8 X2 Y! {) k! h
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。/ Z8 A* m9 [! _; c0 t$ L/ r
+ g# N3 W% D: O) u( Q. q" g洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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! m% v4 I) p9 E% X0 \汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 & s8 B& }- o8 w# u# N7 ^: w
2 j- M+ i8 ]6 |( a+ b# r% I" Y% T: W同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 & k/ k' b$ n1 Y3 ?. O* l# |/ i
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”0 y+ p+ \0 I6 q( V3 U
6 `; x8 l) S) o6 n$ z光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 6 U) o. ^& l) y$ I& @# W- j) U
→
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" o& u; d* x& | B& \中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” / C' l# @: ]8 }0 V
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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