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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 ; j. M( s$ a' W S' l
# \- G0 g2 x5 C7 U% V$ K- @天朝博弈史! a- q1 e4 ^5 ^8 I
4 e, L3 k! Q: B) R博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
' t: C" c) c& I) I3 Y9 X0 `+ p0 c4 @许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
0 J: x* Z, d! u, }" [% Z0 v《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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& y& Z. b. G& [$ B: S7 S) g" t7 z6 u→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
6 i9 y7 P& y+ e! V《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
, U( V0 t- {: |《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 2 |& s {: Q) Z
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。: [2 Y+ C( j0 E
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 8 o2 o# d5 ^8 Y- J' ]: H" D& g
, }5 d/ n% d' D% c! d2 z+ x
→汉朝 Y* N, S2 ]5 s, ~5 r! I
( z" I. f6 j. k' J9 l. |1 d5 E3 r7 X5 f, P$ x6 _
汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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: w$ d7 |6 r1 p; p! y* m晋朝
; A5 B) x/ |+ q6 \+ m# b5 y G( D2 y. d6 P8 Z# X. t/ v
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 7 Q2 Y. H2 V8 [- h& B' Z/ N
→0 `- N T3 i: N3 I: @
' f: }/ Z! D; ^唐朝4 E z% J1 S! w/ d/ \
7 u, k4 h# P- b% u唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝5 H1 b% Q+ U1 B5 x& ]' C" [2 \" ]
& a G- T, [1 ]- j5 U北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
! L$ {( H( a- w& r; j% Z% ]5 E苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
4 [: }( T+ Z3 [1 |8 ^ x) H3 Q 4 H9 V# F! g3 n1 S* Y# `
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”2 `* i/ Q5 u/ E3 d1 ~( {8 S
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, t- d5 t5 i6 u4 y. } \8 Q辽、金& G8 H' ^" F, H( r g) l2 {" N& o
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”8 d: D$ K; V) D2 @1 Y* y; ~
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→
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明朝
7 o& U9 r; ^+ |
6 D3 K4 Z H, W5 p明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。5 l! a, y- r+ z! I
& M4 ^# ?) \7 d* j% m→
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2 ]4 q( ~; v, }. R清朝% v, f! P& p" L+ y: p+ p: Q, N+ Y3 D
% k. s2 n) `1 h) W$ M! a《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 P1 E8 `/ M; ~, r3 H8 j
3 s C+ T! W! g* N康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
1 z7 w; s/ K$ R7 `6 y; {4 S# B7 v$ X0 K g0 e& d g" F* T/ I
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。; r2 V" x+ `% c
. a- L0 L! b: h
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
) ]6 S& m% r# N# `咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。2 t. U; x/ d6 W
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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8 v) X) h' ~$ O- g汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 , @0 h5 M5 i' G2 v' ^3 b4 Q
- ]& z+ d9 |5 h& I" W, i同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 4 [" t) N9 e6 I- S; x! m) A3 R" e
0 c- Q9 J% K' v2 K, j i蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。9 N6 M i. m! B; W7 l, d4 c
t2 d1 I/ ^+ d7 H: d
张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
4 n/ k7 v, Y1 o5 k9 h9 N- Q吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”8 _% F+ e2 ^ w+ E" y5 Z" C8 o
' w. n# e: y8 Q3 O光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
8 n( S* V) b `8 @→+ r( |8 _ |: [! S9 U4 x2 O4 d
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
$ p. |& l2 W4 O1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” # L) r2 C% C2 U% f. \0 ^7 X7 @
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