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熊市会放大任何一个可能的利空,这次轮到stETH。 * P3 B5 D; R' ]0 g! [0 A$ h
从上周五开始,市场上关于stETH脱钩清算的恐慌情绪持续蔓延,这其中很大一部分源于对stETH的不了解。对此,本文整理出关于stETH的8个常识,以降低大量误解带来的不必要影响。 $ X- Z2 ]7 j1 h3 O* q/ w5 w9 e& ^/ s
01 , [% a: f5 l4 ]3 J( }& G! e
stETH不会是下一个UST
4 o; a% n3 a" Z( F9 d3 `stETH是质押在以太坊信标链上的ETH,且完全由信标链上的ETH1:1支持,即1枚stETH=1枚质押中的ETH。
. V/ f- J2 S6 z4 ?: S6 W- v/ Y当以太坊合并完成,且信标链开放提现功能时,用户持有1枚stETH可以兑换1枚ETH,因此任何将它与UST等抵押不足的稳定币的比较都是错误的。
4 \9 @: p7 W+ w H0 O. P02
/ `2 p( U6 B2 ]stETH不是GBTC . ]$ s8 {( p! n! j4 Z) V; K
stETH是一种ERC20代币,在不断发展的DeFi生态系统中有很高的实用性。 0 Q. N* d% E2 v9 @7 W, I9 U
它自带一个原生的收益率,这是你单独持有ETH所不能获取的。市场里有很多人都愿意为此承担套利风险。
) N5 e* y# S x2 E. x03
: Z% E5 `- K( G2 ustETH价格不一定与ETH挂钩 8 c6 B" r" i2 E+ \8 U$ i
stETH与ETH并没有一个固定的挂钩率,无论二级市场的估值如何,它都会继续被质押。
+ O+ {- t2 b. b" b现在能在二级市场上将stETH换成ETH只是为了方便,但同时你也会得到市场对它的估价。
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stETH存在套利机会 + V) f! H" O: V7 ?$ r% |
一般来说,只要存款没有上限,stETH就不会以高于1ETH的价格交易。
$ [$ N8 R6 P* F& B: f# c因为其中存在套利:
; g- j( c p; i! w7 ]' |0 H7 l如果1stETH=1.05ETH,那么我可以将1ETH存入Lido,得到1stETH,在二级市场以1.05ETH的价格出售,获利0.05ETH,这种方式也会推低stETH的价格。
- v% K9 N! l7 a当stETH的赎回开放后,市场有一个奏效的套利方式:
8 o& a, |, t" o& p3 t$ {如果stETH以0.95ETH交易,那么我可以用0.95ETH买入1stETH,然后将其赎回1ETH,获得0.05ETH的利润,这种方式会推高stETH的价格。 2 L! c1 C: U1 Z) i, m; p8 C
05 * a% x. i' u' ^5 d
即使合并,赎回仍要等6-12个月
* H( K5 K7 o6 ~/ V$ }; t需要注意的是,以太坊合并之后,需要等待状态转换的分叉,这可能需要6-12个月,此时的stETH仍然无法从信标链中赎回ETH。赎回开放后,信标链上还有一个赎回队列,一次可以取消质押的ETH数量是有限制的。 0 a- L1 e1 {$ a; X) G
06
6 l/ V- H! i, s2 c% N/ q4 h影响stETH价格的四大因素 7 \; o0 W3 Z0 A# _& ~
有多种原因使stETH暂时高于/低于其抵押品价值,其中包括但不限于: ; H! U3 _4 n- I% K$ t
流动性溢价风险 Lido协议风险 信标链推迟风险 杠杆玩家清算风险 $ L2 @# V$ D" n# R% L0 F
07
, T" P$ ^/ U5 {5 s7 y引发stETH清算的原因 7 i( ]: N4 Q( @* `' G z
杠杆清算风险是当前引发恐慌的最大原因。
/ P6 S- f3 m3 z% \前面提过,stETH是一个ERC20代币,可以在DeFi生态系统中用作抵押品,人们将stETH作为抵押品存入Aave,借入ETH,存入Lido以获取stETH,然后再重复这一过程。 ; p7 S# b: k9 U
因此,如果人们继续在二级市场上卖出stETH,这些杠杆头寸可能会被清算,从而导致更大的清算级联。目前较大的做市商/操纵者已经退出,但仍有一些留在这里。 ' h: B K$ e$ n9 J

e8 {' d% ~; r5 W8 FCelsius可能会也可能不会遇到流动性问题,但他们持有大量的stETH被用作借入稳定币的抵押品。如果出售,这肯定会导致stETH的二级市场价格下降。
: o5 v0 e, ] n1 d) _( [所有这一切的另一面是,无论二级市场如何评价stETH,stETH仍然被信标链上的ETH以1:1的比例支持。 $ ?- a' F& s w3 b5 t! D
根据您的时间偏好和风险承受能力,在低价时入手stETH会提高一定的收益水平。
# v& w7 [( Q' o" s; M6 @例如,如果1stETH的交易价格为0.70ETH(也就是30%的折扣),并且以太坊抵押收益率保持4%的APR。在以太坊成功合并且开放赎回功能的这两年里,你将获得38%的APR,而不是普通质押者8%的收益率(以太坊质押不会自动产生复利)。
; h& e, d2 n* K# ` G" M08 : s) E( E' e$ c+ O; y5 d& D8 n1 v
3-5%的负溢价是正常的 . Y" w3 U3 Y% g* C$ u" W2 t# V8 m
那么,是否值得为了收益率而去冒Lido漏洞和流动性不足的风险?
3 Z/ Z4 T. {' P不是每个人都能接受,但某些套利者一定会做。虽然清算级联很惨,stETH的二级市场价格暂时不会是1:1ETH,但这并不会导致死亡螺旋。 # [% h2 {$ m0 }& m- O2 R
我认为,等这波恐慌过去后,stETH可能仍会以低于抵押品价值的价格交易,可能是3-5%的负溢价,这在很大程度上取决于市场情绪。但无论如何,信标链将继续,DeFi会继续,Lido也会继续。
9 u; Q; \. w2 [来源:金色财经 |
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